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(詳細はgender studies, the term Feminization of migration has been proposed for a suggested "gendered patterns" in international migration, meaning that there is a trend of a higher percentage of women among voluntary migrants.〔Lan, Pei-Chia. ''Global Cinderellas: Migrant Domestics and Newly Rich Employers in Taiwan''. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2006. Print.〕 While according to estimates published by the World Bank, there has been only a slight increase of the percentage of women among international migrants over the past fifty years, with 46.7% estimated for 1960 and 48.4% for 2010.〔Morrison, Schiff & Sjöblom (2008): ''The International Migration of Women''. Washington: The World Bank. Page 2; (Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 ).〕 the term is mostly applied to an increase of migrant domestic workers to industrialized countries, especially those working as nannies. The term "Feminization of Migration" was used in a 2007 working paper of the United Nations.〔''Gender, Remittances and Development. Feminization of Migration 2007''. Working paper 1 for United Nations Instraw. Page 2〕〔Donato, K. M., Gabaccia, D., Holdaway, J., Manalansan, M. and Pessar, P. R. (2006), ''A Glass Half Full? Gender in Migration Studies''. International Migration Review, 40: 3–26. 〕 Some of the issues this research attends to are remittances and their economic impacts, family cohesion, racialization of migrants, human trafficking, gendered division of labor, and economic as well as educational opportunities.〔〔Zlotnik, Hania. ''The Global Dimensions of Female Migration.'' Migration Information Source. Mar. 2003. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. Prior to the gender studies boom of the 1990s, statistical evidence on migration patterns have not often been classified by gender.〔 In 1998, the United Nations Population Division first released a set of estimates from 1965 to 1990 that separated male and female migrants.〔 A more recent shift in migration patterns relates to an increase in the migration of single women and partnered women who migrate without their families.〔 Due to stipulations present within contract-based employment, worker families are prevented from permanently settling and as a result, women are migrating alone.〔 ==Gender-specific division of labor== Much of the work made available to women migrants is gendered and concentrated in the entertainment industry, health services, and most of all in the domestic services.〔 The gendered division of labor includes reproductive labor, which refers to work performed within the domestic or private sphere and which helps to sustain a household (e.g. cleaning, cooking, child care and rearing, etc.).〔 Reproductive labor enables paid, productive labor to take place.〔 Reproductive labor is typically performed by women and, as dominant gender discourses are threaded throughout labor ideologies, domestic work has historically been considered a "natural" part of a woman’s duties and identity.〔 As such, feminized labor has typically been considered "unskilled" and, thus, has gone unpaid.〔 As noted by Filipino popular culture studies professor Roland Tolentino, when women migrate to perform domestic labor, "unpaid home labor in the domestic sphere becomes paid labor in international spaces."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Feminization of migration」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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